Introduction

This article is an overview of Angular Application Structure and Fundamentals, for starters, to help you understand how different building blocks work together. Part 1, can be found here.
Let’s get started.

Angular 8 Application Structure

Angular is a single page framework and platform to develop scalable applications. An angular application is built on top of Node.js and written in TypeScript.
An Angular application is a tree of components, in which the Top level component is the application itself. It is compiled by node and rendered by the browser itself, when bootstrapping the application.
NgModules, Components, Views, and Services are the basic building blocks of an angular application.
The Below Diagram, from angular guide, shows how different pieces are linked together.
Angular 8 Application Structure
Let’s discuss each of them in detail.

Module

A collection of NgModules forms an angular application having at least one NgModule, which is the root Module conventionally called AppModule. @NgModule(…) decorator is used to decorate a TypeScript class into a Module. Decorators are the functions that add extra information to a TS Class, so that the angular knows what a class is for and how it should work.
A basic Module has a list of Components as declarations, imports other modules and exports itself, to be used by other modules.
  1. import { BrowserModule } from '@angular/platform-browser';
  2. import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';
  3. import { AppComponent } from './app.component';

  5. @NgModule({
  6. declarations: [
  7. AppComponent
  8. ],
  9. imports: [
  10. BrowserModule
  11. ],
  12. providers: [],
  13. bootstrap: [AppComponent]
  14. })
  15. export class AppModule { }
To add a new module you can run ng command
“ng g m {ModuleName}” it will generate the new module in app folder, you can specify a different path, for example “ng g m modules/{ModuleName}” will generate the new module in app/modules folder.
You can also provide additional attribute like “-- routing”
For example “ng g m {ModuleName} --routing” which will also generate routing module with the new module.
We can multiple module to implement separation of concern. For example, a side having admin functionality should have a different module having all the admin site functionality. We’ll further look into creating new modules in upcoming articles.

Component

A Component is a functional code block as a typescript class decorated with @Component(…) decorator having some metadata which defines a template.
To add a component you can run the ng command below.
“ng g c {ComponentName}” it will generate a new component in the default app folder.
“ng g c {path}/{ComponentName}” you can specify any subfolder to generate in the component. For example, ”ng g c components/MyNewComponent” command will generate the new component in “app/components” folder.
Below, is a very basic component, in which @component decorator is imported from “@angular/core”. It has two required properties, selector and template/templateUrl If a component has very simple page content, then “template” can be used, rather than an HTML file, referenced using templateUrl.
  1. import { Component } from '@angular/core';
  3. @Component({
  4. selector: 'app-root',
  5. templateUrl: './app.component.html', // template:`<h1>Simple page Content</h1>`
  6. styleUrls: ['./app.component.scss']
  7. })
  8. export class AppComponent {
  9. }
As AppComponent is the entry point, so it is used as a bootstrap component in the AppModule. Therefore, we do not need to use the selector anywhere to render it.
Next, let’s populate this component by adding few properties and method that will then be used in the template binding.
  1. import { Component } from '@angular/core';
  3. @Component({
  4. selector: 'app-root',
  5. templateUrl: './app.component.html', // template:`<h1>Simple page Content</h1>`,
  6. styleUrls: ['./app.component.scss']
  7. })
  8. export class AppComponent {
  9. title = 'MyFirstAngular8App';
  10. backgroundColor = "silver";
  11. model: any = { username:"adil", firstName:"", lastName:"" }
  13. Submit() {
  14. console.log('Submited:', this.model);
  15. /// do something
  16. }
  17. }

Template

Templates are the UI elements of the application, which are defined by the Components. To add extra functionality in a plain HTML file, Angular Templates provide different types of binding below.
One-way Binding
Interpolation: Allows you to evaluate an expression and result of the expression is rendered as string.
  1. <span>{{ title }} app is running!</span>
Property Binding: Allows you to inject values from app (eg: component) to html, for example injecting a dynamic background color of a div.
  1. <div [style.background-color]="backgroundColor"></div>
Or
Setting value of an input element as a one way binding, specially used for the ready only field.
  1. <input type="text" [(value)]="model.username" name="username" readonly>
Event Binding: Allows the app (eg: component) to respond to a user input, for example button click.
  1. <button (click)="buttonClick()">click me</button>
Two Way Binding
ngModel: ngModel as banana in a bracket “[()]” allows you to send and receive a specific value to html from app and vice versa. For example UserName field in html form.
  1. <div [style.background-color]="backgroundColor">
  2. <span>{{ title }} app is running!</span> <!-- interplation -->
  3. <br>
  4. <p> Model json: {{model | json}} <!-- interplation with pipe -->
  5. </p>
  6. <span>User Name(readonly)</span>
  7. <!-- one way binding-->
  8. <input type="text" [value]="model.username" name="username" readonly>
  9. <br>
  10. <span>First Name</span>
  11. <!-- one way binding-->
  12. <input type="text" [(ngModel)]="model.firstName" name="firstName">
  13. <br>
  14. <!-- one way binding-->
  15. <span>Last Name</span>
  16. <input type="text" [(ngModel)]="model.lastName" name="lastName">
  17. <br>
  18. <button (click)="Submit()">Click me</button>
  19. </div>
You are always encouraged to look into the official documentation of angular for more information https://angular.io/guide/template-syntax.

Service (injectable)

If the data or functionality is not view specific, then it can be moved into a service. A Service provides extra functionality that can be injected into Components through dependency injection. We can also inject a service in other services. For example, code block for getting/posting form data from/to a Web API, can be moved to a separate TS class, decorate it as injectable and inject it into a component.
It is decorated with @Injectable() decorator from @angular/core.
To add a new service you can run the command below.
“ng g s {ServiceName}” this command will generate a new service in app folder.
You can add service in a different folder, by specifying the path with the service name. For example, “ng g s services/dataservice” will generate dataservice in app/services folder.
  1. import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';
  3. @Injectable({
  4. providedIn: 'root'
  5. })
  6. export class DataService {
  7. constructor() { }
  8. }
Let’s add a simple method “getDefaultObject” which returns an object
And “logObject” which accepts an object and logs it.
  1. import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';
  3. @Injectable({
  4. providedIn: 'root'
  5. })
  6. export class DataService {
  8. constructor() { }
  10. getDefaultObject(): any {
  11. return { username: "adil.khurshed", firstName: "adil", lastName: "khurshed" };
  12. }
  14. logObject(obj: any) {
  15. console.log('Submited:', obj);
  16. }
  17. }
Now, our service is ready, so let’s inject it in AppComponent and do some code refactor, to use the service to get the object and log the object when submitted. To inject a service, we can simple inject in the constructor, as shown below.
  1. import { DataService } from './data.service';
  2. import { Component } from '@angular/core';
  4. @Component({
  5. selector: 'app-root',
  6. templateUrl: './app.component.html',
  7. styleUrls: ['./app.component.scss']
  8. })
  9. export class AppComponent {
  10. title = 'MyFirstAngular8App';
  11. backgroundColor = "silver";
  12. model: any = {};
  13. dataServiceObj: DataService;
  15. // injected our service into our component constructor
  16. constructor(dataService: DataService) {
  17. this.dataServiceObj = dataService;
  18. // get the model object from our service
  19. this.model = this.dataServiceObj.getDefaultObject();
  20. }
  21. Submit() {
  22. //logged our model using service method
  23. this.dataServiceObj.logObject(this.model);
  24. }
  25. }

Conclusion

In this article we have discussed building blocks of an angular application and created each block with a basic example.
In the next article, we’ll discuss Angular Routing in detail, having multiple modules and we will develop a complex application architecture, with routing.
Git Repository of this article can be found here.